Dr. Gamal Mohammed El Sayed Delh (Cairo University, Egypt)described the implications of the Arab Spring for Egypt in political and diplomatic, security and defense, economic and commercial, and social and cultural perspectives. He said people expect real changes that should include democratic and peaceful transition. He argued that although the military coup against president Morsi was stated as a necessary measure in the face of dangerous course taken by the constitution and the political life in Egypt but a failure to reinitiate the process of democratization, amend the constitution, and hold new elections would lead Egypt to polarization and serious internal conflict.
Professor Alaya Allani (Monouba University, Tunisia) highlighted similarities and differences in the experiences of political Islam in Tunisia and Egypt. He stated there are differences in Muslim Brotherhood’s (Egypt) and Ennahda’s (Tunisia) interpretations of some of the legal rulings and religious concepts. Unlike Muslim Brotherhood, Rashid Ghannouchi, founder of Ennahda Movement, does not consider the Anglo-Saxon secularism hostile to Islam. Similarly, Ennahda Movement in Tunisia did not insist on enshrining Shariah in the constitution and forged an alliance with the secular parties. He observed that the stream of political Islam has entered a structural crisis and it needs revisions to stay relevant to modern day political and socioeconomic realities.
Jean Nicholas-Bitter (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland) presented his areas of focus as countering extremism, and promoting education and social cohesion. He emphasized the need to work for improving social cohesion among religious communities. Also, he explained at length the implications of the Arab Spring for his country in terms of energy, security and immigration.
Sirin Hamsho (Al Andaluse Islamic Studies Centre, Syria) highlighted aspects of Syrian conflict that greatly affected the people including minorities and women besides elaborating its sectarian dimension. She presented figures from a recent opinion poll that suggested that more than 25 percent of the Syrian people wanted democratic constitution and 13 percent were in favor of enforcing Islamic law. She said that irresponsible handling of the Syrian crisis by national and international actors could drift the country into a situation similar to that of Iraq.
Abu Zayed Mohammad (Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies, Bangladesh) tried to contextualize the Shahbagh Movement–which started in the neighborhood of Dhaka on February 5, 2013 and later spread to other parts of the country–in perspective of the Arab Spring. He said protesters mainly demanded: death penalty for Jamaat-e-Islami leader Abdul Quader Mollah; death sentence for those convicted of [1971] war crimes by the International War Crimes Tribunal; a ban of Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics; and a boycott of Jamaat institutions. Abu Zayed was of the view that the protests pointed to a ripening
Bangladeshi belief in the power of youth to affect change through a combination of traditional and technological protest methods, a confidence inspired by the youth of the Arab Spring.
Dr. Hisham Abdulrab Ali Musleh (International Organization for Migration, Yemen) counted the political and economic factors that led to protests and uprising in Yemen following the Tunisian Spring: authoritarian regime, human rights violations, corruption, unemployment, extreme poverty, gaps in income levels, price hike and insufficient transparency. He stated that growing Sunni-Shia sectarian tension in Yemen, particularly in Hajjah, Al-Jawf and Amran regions, was a direct consequence of the Arab Spring.
Dr. Qibla Ayaz (University of Peshawar, Pakistan) presented responses to the Arab Spring from Afghanistan. He was of the view that the violent or militant aspect of the Arab Spring was largely influenced or contributed by the international militant groups who had at one stage or the other remained engaged in Afghanistan and Pakistan’s tribal areas bordering Afghanistan.Dr. Qibla Ayaz (University of Peshawar, Pakistan) presented responses to the Arab Spring from Afghanistan. He was of the view that the violent or militant aspect of the Arab Spring was largely influenced or contributed by the international militant groups who had at one stage or the other remained engaged in Afghanistan and Pakistan’s tribal areas bordering Afghanistan.
Safdar Sial (Pak Institute for Peace Studies, Pakistan) tried to explore prospects of protests and uprising in Central Asian states on the pattern of the Arab Spring. He said although many of the factors that contributed to the Arab Spring are present in Central Asian states but a Central Asian spring is highly unlikely in short to medium term mainly due to regimes’ tight political and social control, lack of meaningful political opposition including Islamist groups, different geo-political environment and historical and socio-cultural contexts from that of the Arab Spring region, and less pressure from the US and West regarding human rights and democratization in Central Asia.
Geoff Davis (former member of the U.S. House of Representatives) argued that after Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. was not hungry to enter into new wars, and that he had personally opposed military intervention in Libya in post-Arab Spring scenario. With regard to the situation in Syria he said they have learned from the experience of last 10 years that ‘do not make things worse.’Delivering his introductory remarks in the second part of the conference, “Religion and Security,” Muhammad Amir Rana explained how religion had become a factor in various aspects of human security and also in conflict.
Chris Seiple underscored the significance of celebrating the other faiths with a view to improve social cohesion. He said the best way to change behavior or the mindset is through education. Zhao Shuqing highlighted his institute’s efforts to develop understanding and cohesion among different ethnic minority and majority groups in China.
The first session of the second part of the conference focused on “Comparative perspectives on education and extremism.” Dr. Rashid Ahmad (University of Peshawar,
Pakistan) highlighted commonalities among different religions and their shared emphasis on peace and peaceful coexistence. Speaking about education systems in Pakistan he underscored the need for reforms and revisions in both mainstream and religious education curricula.
Stephen Heyneman (Vanderbilt University, USA) spoke at length on the role of education in social cohesion. He said that Education functions such as curriculum, school climate, perception of fair treatment of one’s children, and mechanisms to adjudicate community differences influence social cohesion. Similarly universities may affect social cohesion through: purposeful discussion of sensitive issues; adherence to truth; active promotion of self-generated autonomous goals; modeling of good institutional behavior in research, discussion and debate, tolerance, and fairness etc.; and actively demonstrating a resistance to corruption.
Sultana Parvanta (civil society activist from Afghanistan) provided a comparative perspective of pre- and post-Taliban Afghanistan. She highlighted how religious extremism and salafism in her country had negatively impacted social narratives on education and culture. Sultana Parvanta (civil society activist from Afghanistan) provided a comparative perspective of pre- and post-Taliban Afghanistan. She highlighted how religious extremism and salafism in her country had negatively impacted social narratives on education and culture.
Speaking in the second session, on “Comparative perspectives on women and extremism,” Amina Rasul-Bernardo(Philippine Center for Islam and Democracy, Philippines) underscored the role of Filipino women in building and making peace. She referred to Social Weather Stations 2004 nationwide survey that found strong belief that women are better peacemakers. Women’s participation in the peace process is equally high among both Filipino men and women (67% and 65%, respectively).Three out of five (62%) Filipinos agree that “women must be represented in the peace panel of the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front or MILF.”
Asel Murzakalova (Bishkek Humanities University, Kyrgyzstan) explained the factors that are contributing to women radicalization in her country including the role of radical groups such as Hizbut Tahrir. She stated that the radicalized women in Kyrgyzstan were overpowered by the religious (Islamic) identity rather than civil rights. Dr. Minhas Majeed Khan (University of Peshawar, Pakistan) said many civil society organizations of women in Pakistan were working to establish peace and to counter regressive narratives on education, particularly on women education.
The focus of the third session of the second part of the conference was set on “Comparative perspectives on religion, security and citizenship.” Eugene Tan (Singapore Management University, Singapore) said that the government of Singapore considered race, language and religion as fault lines for social cohesion and harmony. He said for social cohesion multiple identities of individuals should not be in conflict.
Alma Sultangalieva (Institute of World Economics and Politics, Kazakhstan) said, compared to other Central Asian states, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have strong roots in Islam. She stressed that the shared cultural aspects of followers of all faiths should be used as means of social cohesion.